Potential Contributions of the Tobacco Nicotine-Derived Nitrosamine Ketone to White Matter Molecular Pathology in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Ming Tong1,2, Tomas Andreani1, Alexander Krotow3, Fusun Gundogan2,4, and Suzanne M. de la Monte1,2,3,5*
Affiliation
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and the Liver Research Center Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
- 2Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
- 3Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI
- 4Department of Pathology, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI
- 5Departments of Pathology and Neurology, and the Division of Neuropathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI Supported by AA-11431 and AA-12908 from the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health
Corresponding Author
Dr. Suzanne M. de la Monte, MD, MPH, Pierre Galletti Research Building, Rhode Island Hospital, 55 Claverick Street, Room 419, Providence, RI 02903, Tel: 401-444-7364; Fax: 401-444-2939; E-mail: Suzanne_DeLaMonte_MD@Brown.edu
Citation
de la Monte, S.M., et al. Potential Contributions of the Tobacco Nicotine-Derived Nitrosamine Ketone to White Matter Molecular Pathology in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (2016) J Neurol Brain Dis 3(2): 1- 12.
Copy rights
© 2016 de la Monte, S.M. This is an Open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Keywords
Abstract
Background: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is associated with long-term deficits in cognitive and motor functions. Previous studies linked neurodevelopmental abnormalities to increased oxidative stress and white matter hypotrophy. However, similar effects occur with low-dose nitrosamine exposures, alcohol abuse correlates with cigarette smoking, and tobacco smoke contains tobacco-specific nitrosamines, including NNK.
Hypothesis: Tobacco smoke exposure is a co-factor in FASD.
Design: Long Evans rat pups were i.p. administered ethanol (2 g/kg) on postnatal days (P) 2, 4, 6 and/or NNK (2 mg/kg) on P3, P5, and P7 to simulate third trimester human exposures. Oligodendroglial myelin-associated, neuroglial, and relevant transcription factor mRNA transcripts were measured using targeted PCR arrays.
Results: Ethanol and NNK differentially altered the expression of immature and mature oligodendroglial, neuronal and astrocytic structural and plasticity-associated, and various transcription factor genes. NNK’s effects were broader and more pronounced than ethanol’s, and additive or synergistic effects of dual exposures impacted expression of all four categories of genes investigated.
Conclusion: Developmental exposures to alcohol and NNK (via tobacco smoke) contribute to sustained abnormalities in brain white matter structure and function via distinct but overlapping alterations in the expression of genes that regulate oligodendrocyte survival, maturation and function, neuroglial structural integrity, and synaptic plasticity. The results support the hypothesis that smoking may contribute to brain abnormalities associated with FASD.
